Core engineering and protocols for FHE Scheme Architecture.
Modern Fully Homomorphic Encryption revolves around three primary scheme families: BGV (Brakerski-Gentry-Vaikuntanathan) and BFV (Brakerski/Fan-Vercauteren) are optimized for exact integer arithmetic, making them ideal for database queries, voting systems, and integer counting. In contrast, CKKS (Cheon-Kim-Kim-Song) treats ciphertexts as complex floating-point numbers, revolutionizing privacy-preserving machine learning.
To handle large coefficient moduli (often exceeding 800 bits) without slow multi-precision software arithmetic, modern FHE relies on the Full Residue Number System (RNS). FHEnc maps high-precision polynomial operations into parallel chains of small 64-bit moduli, allowing hardware arithmetic units to execute simultaneous NTTs at peak clock speeds.